Name | Gelatin from fish |
Synonyms | gelfoam Galfoam gelatinfoam BOVINEGELATIN PORCINEGELATIN Gelatin from fish TELEOSTEAN GELATIN PRIONEX(R) GELATIN absorbablegelatinsponge |
CAS | 9000-70-8 |
EINECS | 232-554-6 |
Molecular Formula | C6H12O6 |
Density | 1.2 |
Melting Point | >226°C (dec.) |
Water Solubility | SOLUBLE IN HOT WATER |
Solubility | Hot water soluble |
Appearance | Slightly yellow powder |
Color | Pale yellow to beige |
Odor | Musty odour |
Merck | 13,4393 |
pKa | pKa 3.7to4.5(H2O t=25 I=0.00 N2atmosphere) (Uncertain) |
PH | 4.0-6.0 (25℃, 67mg/mL in H2O) |
Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
Stability | Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Industrial gelatin is colorless to light yellow transparent or translucent thin slices or powders. Tasteless, odorless. Absorb and swell in cold water. Dissolve in hot water. Soluble in glycerin and acetic acid, insoluble in ethanol and ether. |
Hazard Symbols | Xi - Irritant |
Risk Codes | 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
Safety Description | S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S27 - Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | LX8580000 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3 |
TSCA | Yes |
HS Code | 35030010 |
Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 5000 mg/kg |
Reference Show more | 1. [IF=3.223] Shijie Cen et al."Reversibility of the gel, rheological, and structural properties of alcohol pretreated fish gelatin: Effect of alcohol types."Journal Of Texture Studies. 2021 Sep 02 2. [IF=3.223] Lu Tong et al."Rheological properties and interactions of fish gelatin–κ-carrageenan polyelectrolyte hydrogels: The effects of salt."Journal Of Texture Studies. 2021 Sep 02 3. [IF=3.216] Han Huang et al."Dietary magnolol inclusion improves the antioxidant and immune responses, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)."Aquacult Rep. 2022 Apr;23:101017 4. [IF=5.396] Mengjia Du et al."Fabrication of agarose/fish gelatin double-network hydrogels with high strength and toughness for the development of artificial beef tendons."Food & Function. 2022 May;: |
pH range of acid-base indicator discoloration | 4 - 7 at 66.7g/l at 60°C |
EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
Overview | Gelatin is composed of animal skin, bone, the collagen in the connective tissue such as the muscle spirit is partially degraded to become a white or light yellow, translucent, microstrip luster thin sheet or powder; Therefore, it is also called animal gelatin, fat glue. It belongs to a kind of macromolecular hydrocolloid, gelatin is a kind of high nutritional value of low-calorie health food, can be used to make candy additives, frozen food additives. In addition, gelatin is widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. |
composition and structure | gelatin contains about 16% of water and inorganic salts, and more than 82% of protein. Similar to the parent collagen, gelatin is also composed of 18 amino acids, and the content of the amino acids Pro and Hyp is higher. The triple helix structure in gelatin gel is mainly maintained by intramolecular hydrogen bond and hydrogen bond hydration. Pro-NH, Hyp-OH and other amino acid side chain groups and water molecules can form hydrogen bonds, it is conducive to the stability of the triple helix structure. |
biological performance | 1. Biocompatibility. Gelatin is a natural polymer material, and its structure is similar to the structure of biological tissue, so it has good biocompatibility. 2. Biodegradability. As a natural water-soluble biodegradable polymer material, gelatin has the advantage that the degradation products are easily absorbed and do not produce inflammatory reaction. In the application of the degradation of gelatin, it is often chemically modified to adjust its degradation rate to meet different needs. |
Main application | 1. Edible gelatin. It is an important ingredient and additive in food industry. It is often used as gelling agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener and clarifier in the production of meat products, cakes, ice cream, beer, fruit juice and so on. 2. Biofilm material. The most studied gelatin-based film materials at home and abroad are mainly chitosan-gelatin blend film, gelatin-silk fibroin blend film, polylactic acid-gelatin blend film and polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin blend film, these mixed materials greatly improve the physical and chemical properties of gelatin and make the gelatin-based polymer film materials more functional. Gelatin is a hydrophilic chemical that is useful in histochemistry, bacterial culture media, and optical microscope autoradiography. 3. Medical fiber. Other composite materials were blended with gelatin to improve the mechanical properties of gelatin-based Medical fiber materials. 4. Tissue repair and replacement. Gelatin matrix composites as scaffold materials and signal molecular carriers in tissue engineering is one of the research hotspots of biomaterials. The gelatin solution is cross-linked to form a hydrogel, in which water is used as a porogen, and the porous scaffold material is formed after freeze-drying. The pore ratio and pore size can be adjusted by changing the freezing parameters. Therefore, ideal gelatin-based tissue engineering materials can be designed according to different tissue repair requirements. 5. Industrial gelatin. It is used in the manufacture of fiber textile, insulating materials, paper, holographic materials, etc. |
preparation method | 1. Alkali method: the animal's bone and skin are fully impregnated with lime emulsion, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, washed with water, heated at 60 ℃ ~ 70 ℃, then preserved, bleached, frozen, planing and drying. The finished product is called "Type B gelatin" or "alkaline gelatin". 2. Acid method: the raw materials are acidified in cold sulfuric acid solution with pH value of 1~3 for 2~8 h, rinsed for 24 h, and soaked in water at 50 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ for 4~8 h, the gel is then frozen, extruded, and dried. The finished product is called "Type A gelatin" or "acid-process gelatin". 3. Enzymatic method: the raw material skin was hydrolyzed with protease and then treated with lime for 24 h, neutralized, boiled glue, concentrated, frozen and dried. |
toxicity | ADI no restrictions (FAO/WHO,2001). |
Use limit | GB 2760-96: can be used in all kinds of food, GMP is the limit. FAO/WHO(1984,g/kg): processed cheese manufacturing 8; Cream cheese 5; Cooked ham, cooked pig fore leg meat, according to GMT; Shannon cheese 5 (according to the cream); cream 5 (for pasteurized cream or ultra-high temperature cream and Disinfection cream). When making ice cream, gelatin is used as a protective colloid to prevent the increase of ice crystals, so that the product is delicate, about 0.5%. Yogurt, cheese and other dairy products to add about 0.25%, can prevent the precipitation of moisture, so that the texture is fine. In the manufacture of gelatin confection (main ingredient is gelatin), soft candy, milk sugar, protein sugar, chocolate, etc. (add 1% to 3.5%, up to 12%). Gelatin is widely used in canned foods such as lunch meat and corned beef. It can be combined with water in the meat juice to maintain the appearance, humidity and flavor of the product, and about 1% to 5% of the meat is added. It is also used as a thickener for soy sauce. |
Use | as a thickening agent, China's provisions can be used for all kinds of food, according to the production needs of appropriate use. It can also be used as a clarifying agent for alcohol and a stabilizer for hydrophobic colloid. thickener; Stabilizer; Clarifier; Foaming agent. Gelatin is a hydrophilic colloid, which has the properties of protective colloid, and can be used as a stabilizer and emulsifier of hydrophobic colloid. Also for the Amphoteric electrolyte, so in aqueous solution can be charged particles condensed into a block, used as alcohol, alcohol clarifier. According to the functional properties of gelatin, its use can be divided into two categories. A kind of the protective ability of its colloid as a dispersant, used in the production of polyvinyl chloride, photosensitive materials, bacterial culture and pharmaceutical, food (such as candy, ice cream, Cod Liver Oil capsules, etc.). Another class uses its binding capacity as a binder for paper, printing, textile, printing and dyeing and electroplating industries. According to different uses, the quality requirements of gelatin are not the same. When gelatin is used as an adhesive in adhesive tape, paper containers, paper tubes, binding and other aspects, the bonding strength is the main value factor. When used in photography, food, medicine and other fields, attention is paid to the purity of the product. The national standard for edible gelatin in China is numbered GB6783-86, and the scope of use and the maximum amount of use are GB2760-86. polarographic determination of copper, alkaline zinc plating luminescent agent, determination of silicon dioxide, Identification of the preparation of culture medium, turbidimetric and Colorimetric Determination of protective colloid. additives, adhesives, etc. Gelatin is a hydrophilic colloid, which has the function of protecting colloid, and can be used as stabilizer and emulsifier of hydrophobic colloid. It is an ampholyte that agglomerates charged particles in water and thus can be used as a clarifier for alcohol and alcohol. As a dispersant, adhesive, thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier is widely used in photosensitive materials, pharmaceutical, food, paper, printing, textile, printing and dyeing, electroplating, cosmetics, bacterial culture. |
production methods | There are mainly milk of lime method and hydrochloric acid method. 1. Milk of lime method the inner layer of fatty skin, pig skin and other deteriorated lower foot skin was cut into small pieces, soaked in 3.5%-4.0% milk of lime for about 30-40D, and changed to milk of lime for 4-6 times in the middle. In the soaking process, often stirred, so that the upper and lower soaking evenly. The soaked hide is taken out of the stone jar, washed with water, neutralized with 10% hydrochloric acid for 3-4H under stirring, and the pH should be 6.0-6.5 after washing. Then add water to the skin 1:1, heat and cook, control the temperature to 60-70 ℃, draw glue at regular intervals, filter with clean gauze while hot, and pump 5-6 times. Dilute glue is sent to the evaporator for concentration to a relative density of 1.03-1.07. The hot glue is transferred into an aluminum pan for cooling, and the cold glue is placed on a stainless steel screen and sent to the drying room for air drying, and the temperature is strictly controlled at about 28 ℃. The dried film is pulverized with particles to obtain the finished product. The yield was about 22% by weight of pig skin. 2. The miscellaneous bones, spine and small bones of livestock were crushed by hydrochloric acid method, extracted with benzene at 45-50 ° C. And washed with water. Clean the bones, with 3.5-4.0% hydrochloric acid immersion, the main bone is soft after the crude bone, washing, so that the pH of the aqueous solution at about 3.5, adding lime milk can be prepared feed calcium hydrogen phosphate and dry calcium chloride. Soak the bone with more than 3.0%-3.5% milk of lime for 30-50D (change the milk of lime for 5-6 times in the middle), take it out, wash it with water for about 1H, and neutralize the bone-purifying element with 0.2 hydrochloric acid for the first time, after the pH is lowered to 3.5-4.0, the neutralization solution is discharged, and then the solution is neutralized for about 2H by adding clear water and then using 0.5% hydrochloric acid. When the acid concentration decreased to 0.2-0.25%, the acid concentration was immediately increased to 1% and this concentration was maintained until the end point of neutralization (pH 3.0) was reached. After neutralization, the bone was washed with water and soaked for 4-5H. Then wash with sodium hydroxide solution, dilute alkaline solution soaked 16-20h after washing with water, that is, refined bone. The refined osteogenin was prepared by 7-way glue boiling, and the water and temperature of each glue were controlled separately. The amount of water added was reduced by one channel, and the temperature of glue boiling was increased by one channel, Increase from 64 °c in the first lane to 85 °c in the seventh lane. The concentration of the gel was also reduced from 8% to 2-3% from the first pass to the seventh pass. The patient survived for 40H. The resulting dilute glue was filtered, concentrated, and used to a density of 1.025-1.075, frozen on the plastic box, and then planed into a sheet on the screen, sent to the drying room air drying, the temperature gradually increased from 25 to 60 degrees Celsius. After drying into the finished product. According to the batch, it is divided into photographic glue, edible glue, and finally for the preparation of peptone baking glue, good glue rate is greater than 60%. Consumption per ton of product: Bone about 7T; 30% hydrochloric acid about 7T. Changde Dingcheng district changhuang Gelatin Factory uses Chrome leather corner waste (Blue alum skin) in leather production to produce glue. The process is as follows: blue alum skin → broken → Liming → bleaching → Liming → bleaching → extracting → concentrating → dropping glue → Drying → crushing. Raw material consumption (kg/t) Blue alum skin 4000 sulfuric acid (98%) 1000 hydrochloric acid (31%) 200 lime 1000 after fully impregnating animal bones and skins with lime emulsion, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, washed with water, heated at 60~70 ° C, and then preserved, bleached, frozen, sliced, and dried. The finished product is called "Type B gelatin", or "alkaline gelatin". Acid method raw materials in the pH value of 1~3 The cold sulfuric acid solution is acidified for 2~8H, rinsed and immersed in water for 24h, heated at 50~70 ℃ for 4~8H, then frozen, extruded and dried. The finished product is called "Type A gelatin", or "acid gelatin". Enzymatic hydrolysis of raw material skin with protease after treatment with lime for 24h, after neutralization, boiling, concentration, freezing, drying and obtained. gelatin is usually produced by using animal bones and skins as raw materials, and there are milk of lime method (alkali method), saline-alkali method, enzymatic method and acid method. Enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen to gelatin by protease, dilute hydrochloric acid is added to dissolve it, and then acetone, sodium sulfate or sodium chloride is used to precipitate the gelatin. This method is not yet mature, the current production of its use to shorten the ash leaching time. The specific process is: degreasing raw materials with dilute sodium hydroxide solution (pH 11~12) for 24h, and then 2907 alkaline protease at 40 deg C for 6H, after washing acid leaching (pH = 2~2.5)1d, wash to pH 5.8~6.0, and then Ash immersion 3 ~ 10d. The lime milk method is prepared from raw materials by pretreatment, Ash leaching, water washing, neutralization, water washing, extraction, filtration, concentration, drying and other processes. This method is more mature, about 80% of the domestic gelatin production by this method, Foreign countries are also widely used, but this method has a long production cycle. Pre-treatment pig skin or bovine skin was cut into small pieces of 5mm × 10mm or short strips of 2mm × 8mm, and then subjected to hydraulic degreasing. Animal bones should be broken to 3 ~ 5cm with benzene at 40~50 ℃, then 3.5% ~ 4.0% hydrochloric acid solution at 10~15 ℃ for 5 ~ 14d, it was washed with water to pH 3.5. Soak the above treated animal skin or bone with 3.5% ~ 4.0% milk of lime at 10~12 ℃ for 30 ~ 50d, and change the milk of lime for 4~6 times during this period, wash with water for 24h to pH 9.0-9.5. Wash 12-24H with 0.2% hydrochloric acid to pH 4-5, then 12-24H with water to pH 5.5-6.0. Extraction, concentration and drying are carried out with water at 50-60 °c, followed by an increase in temperature of 5 °c each time, usually 6-8 times for a total of about 40H. After filtration, the extract is first-effect evaporated at 65-70 °c and second-effect evaporated at 60-65 °c to a concentration of 15%-20%. The concentrated solution is dried on a cold plate at 20~40 ℃ to obtain a film, or is dried on a roller to obtain rubber powder. The saline-alkali method is suitable for cortical raw materials, especially the dry skin which is difficult to handle with lime. The dried crumb was soaked in a mixed solution of 10% sodium sulfate and 2-5% sodium hydroxide at 0-20 ° C. For 1-4 days, washed with water, neutralized and extracted to obtain a finished product. |
toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |